Six Hakea species varying greatly in seed size were selected for cotyledon damage experiments. The

growth of seedlings with cotyledons partially or completely removed was monitored over 90 days. All

seedlings perished by the fifth week when both cotyledons were removed irrespective of seed size.

Partial removal of cotyledons caused a significant delay in the emergence of the first leaf, and reduction

in root and shoot growth of the large-seeded species. The growth of seedlings of small-seeded species

was less impacted by cotyledon damage. The rate of survival, root and shoot lengths and dry biomass

of the seedlings were determined after 90 days. When seedlings were treated with balanced nutrient

solutions following removal of the cotyledons, survival was 95–98%, but 0% when supplied with

nutrient solutions lacking N or P or with water only. The addition of a balanced nutrient solution failed

to restore complete growth of any species, but the rate of root elongation for the small-seeded species

was maintained. Cotyledons provide nutrients to support early growth of Hakea seedlings, but other

physiological roles for the cotyledons are also implicated. In conclusion, small-seeded Hakea species can

tolerate cotyledons loss better than large-seeded species..

Seed size is a key functional trait that affects plant fitness at the seedling stage and may vary greatly with species fruit size, growth form and fecundity. Using structural equation modelling (SEM) and correlated trait evolution analysis, we investigated the interaction network between seed size and fecundity, postfire regeneration strategy, fruit size, plant height and serotiny (on-plant seed storage) among 82 species of the woody shrub genus, Hakea, with a wide spectrum of seed sizes (2–500 mg). Seed size is negatively correlated with fecundity, while fire-killed species (nonsprouters) produce more seeds than resprouters though they are of similar size. Seed size is unrelated to plant height and level of serotiny while it scales allometrically with fruit size. A strong phylogenetic signal in seed size revealed phylogenetic constraints on seed size variation in Hakea. Our analyses suggest a causal relationship between seed size, fecundity and postfire regeneration strategy in Hakea. These results demonstrate that fruit size, fecundity and evolutionary history have had most control over seed size variation among Hakea species

ABSTRACT:- For electrical drives good dynamic performance is mandatory so as to respond to the changes in command speed and torques, so various speed control techniques are being used for real time applications. The speed of a Three Phase Induction Motor can be controlled using various controllers like PID Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Genetic Algorithm (GA) controller and Hybrid FuzzyGenetic Controller. Fuzzy-Genetic Controller is recently getting increasing emphasis in process control applications. The paper describes application of Hybrid Fuzzy-Genetic Controller in an enhancement of Static & Dynamic Response of the Three Phase Induction Motor under the effect of the external disturbances and noise that uses the Fuzzy-GA Controller for enhancement of Static & Dynamic Response of the Three Phase Induction Motor under the effect of the external disturbances and noise is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation study indicates the superiority Hybrid Fuzzy-Genetic Controller over the Genetic Algorithm and fuzzy logic controller separately. This control seems to have a lot of promise in the applications of power electronics. The speed of the Three Phases Induction Motor Drives can be adjusted to a great extent so as to provide easy control and high performance. There are several conventional and numeric types of controllers intended for controlling the Three Phase Induction Motor speed and executing various tasks: PID Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller; or the combination between them: Fuzzy-Swarm, Fuzzy-Neural Networks,  Fuzzy-Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy-Ants Colony. We describe in this paper the use of Hybrid FuzzyGenetic Controller for enhancement of Static & Dynamic Response of the Three Phases Induction Motor Drives under the effect of the external disturbances. In this case, the obtained results were simulated on Simulink of Matlab.

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Hybrid Fuzzy-Genetic Controller (FLC-GA) 

Abstract: For electrical drives good dynamic performance is mandatory so as to respond to the changes in command speed and torques, so various speed control techniques are being used for real time applications. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled using various controllers like PID Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Hybrid Fuzzy-PSO Controller. Fuzzy-PSO Controller is recently getting increasing emphasis in process control applications. The paper describes application of Hybrid Fuzzy-PSO Controller in an enhancement of stability and accuracy of the SEDC Motor under the effect of the external disturbances and noise that uses the Fuzzy-PSO Controller for enhancement of stability and accuracy of the SEDC Motor under the effect of the external disturbances and noise is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK.  The simulation study indicates the superiority Hybrid FuzzyPSO Controller over the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and fuzzy logic controller separately. This control seems to have a lot of promise in the applications of power electronics. The speed of the SEDC motor can be adjusted to a great extent so as to provide easy control and high performance. There are several conventional and numeric types of controllers intended for controlling the SEDC motor speed and executing various tasks: PID Controller, Fuzzy Logic Controller; or the combination between them: FuzzySwarm, Fuzzy-Neural Networks, Fuzzy-Genetic Algorithm, Fuzzy-Ants Colony, Fuzzy-Particle Swarm Optimization. We describe in this paper the use of Hybrid Fuzzy-PSO Controller for enhancement of stability and accuracy of the SEDC Motor under the effect of the external disturbances and noise We describe in this paper the use of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for designing an optimal fuzzy logic controller of a SEDC Motor. In this case, our approach will optimize the membership functions of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) using PSO and the obtained results were simulated on Matlab environment.

Keywords: Separately Excited DC Motor (SEDC), Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC), Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO).

Abstract— This paper presents an enhancement of stability and accuracy of the separately excited DC (SEDC) motor under the effect of the external disturbances (dynamic load changes) and noise by using conventional Proportional Integral (PI) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers. DC machines are characterized by their versatility. The aim of the proposed schemes is to improve tracking performance of separately excited DC motor as compared to the Proportional Integral (PI) control strategy. Performance of these new controllers has been verified through simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK package. In this paper, The SEDC motor model is chosen according to its good electrical and mechanical performances more than other DC motor models. The modeling and simulation of the SEDC motor was done using the software package MATLAB/SIMULINK. A speed controller has been designed successfully for closed loop operation of the SEDC motor so that the motor runs very closed to the reference speed. The simulated system has a fast response with small overshoot and zero steady state error. Excellent results added to the simplicity of the drive system, makes the ANN based control strategy suitable for a vast number of industries, paper mills etc. 

        Three plant species are new recored form Libya

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Two plant species are new recored form Libya